7. Large Scale Systems-এর Architectural Building Blocks

আমরা আলোচনা করবো Large Scale Systems-এর Architectural Building Blocks — যেমন DNS, Load Balancing, GSLB, Message Broker, API Gateway, এবং CDN। আমি এগুলোকে বাস্তব উদাহরণসহ বিস্তারিতভাবে ব্যাখ্যা করবো।

১. DNS (Domain Name System)

🔹 সংজ্ঞা:

DNS হলো ইন্টারনেটের “Phonebook”।

  • এটি domain name (যেমন www.example.com) কে IP address-এ translate করে।

  • ব্যবহারকারী সহজে URL লিখতে পারে, আর সার্ভার ঠিকমতো locate হয়।

🔹 উদাহরণ:

  • আপনি browser-এ লিখলেন: www.amazon.com

  • DNS lookup → Amazon server এর IP address → request সেই সার্ভারে পৌঁছায়

🔹 Large Scale Usage:

  • High availability নিশ্চিত করতে Multiple DNS records, TTL (Time-to-Live) ব্যবহার।

  • Example: www.example.com → 3 different IP addresses → Load balanced servers


২. Load Balancing & GSLB (Global Server Load Balancing)

🔹 Load Balancing

Load Balancer হলো এমন একটি সিস্টেম যা incoming traffic কে multiple backend servers-এর মধ্যে distribute করে।

🔹 উদাহরণ:

  • একটি ওয়েবসাইট 3টি সার্ভারে চলছে

  • 1000 user request আসছে

  • Load Balancer → 1000 requests সমানভাবে 3 সার্ভারে বিতরণ করে (~333 per server)

Load Balancer Techniques:

  • Round Robin

  • Least Connections

  • IP Hashing


🔹 GSLB (Global Server Load Balancing)

  • GSLB হলো Multiple Data Centers-এর মধ্যে traffic distribute করার পদ্ধতি

  • ব্যবহারকারীর geographical location, server health, latency অনুযায়ী traffic route করে

উদাহরণ:

  • User from Europe → Europe data center

  • User from US → US data center

  • Server down → Traffic redirect automatically to healthy server

Math Example:

  • EU DC capacity = 5000 req/sec

  • US DC capacity = 7000 req/sec

  • Total global capacity = 5000 + 7000 = 12,000 req/sec


৩. Message Broker

🔹 সংজ্ঞা:

Message Broker হলো এমন একটি system যা different services-এর মধ্যে asynchronous communication নিশ্চিত করে।

  • Producer → Broker → Consumer

  • Decouples services, improves reliability

🔹 উদাহরণ:

  • E-commerce:

    • Order Service → Broker → Inventory Service

    • Payment Service → Broker → Notification Service

Popular Message Brokers: Kafka, RabbitMQ, AWS SQS

Math Example:

  • 1 million messages/day

  • Broker throughput = 10,000 messages/sec

  • Required concurrent processing = 10,000/sec → Broker scale according to load


৪. API Gateway

🔹 সংজ্ঞা:

API Gateway হলো একটি entry point যা all client requests handle করে।

  • Authentication, Authorization, Rate Limiting, Load Balancing, Logging

🔹 উদাহরণ:

  • Client → API Gateway → Microservices (User, Order, Payment)

  • Gateway handles: JWT validation, throttling, logging

Benefits:

  • Centralized security

  • Single entry point for clients

  • Easier versioning & monitoring


৫. Content Delivery Network (CDN)

🔹 সংজ্ঞা:

CDN হলো geographically distributed servers যেগুলো static content (images, CSS, JS) cache করে রাখে।

  • Users nearest server থেকে content fetch করে → latency কমে

🔹 উদাহরণ:

  • A user in Bangladesh → CDN server Singapore

  • B user in US → CDN server US

  • Image load time < 100ms (instead of origin server 500ms)

Popular CDN Providers: Cloudflare, Akamai, AWS CloudFront

Math Example:

  • Origin server latency = 500ms

  • CDN edge server latency = 50ms

  • Speedup = 500 ÷ 50 = 10x faster


৬. Architectural Diagram Concept

[User]
|
v
[DNS] -> resolves to nearest Load Balancer / GSLB
|
v
[Load Balancer / GSLB] -> distributes requests to multiple servers/data centers
|
+–> [API Gateway] -> routes to Microservices (User, Order, Payment)
|
+–> [Message Broker] -> async communication between services
|
+–> [CDN] -> static content delivery (images, JS, CSS)

৭. Summary Table

Building Block Function Example / Benefit
DNS Domain → IP www.amazon.com → 205.251.242.103
Load Balancer Distribute requests among servers 1000 requests → 3 servers
GSLB Traffic distribution across global DCs EU user → EU DC, US user → US DC
Message Broker Async communication between services Kafka, RabbitMQ
API Gateway Central entry point & request management JWT auth, rate limiting
CDN Cache & deliver static content fast Images, JS, CSS from nearest edge server

Mohammad Zubair

I'm Mohammad Zubair, a passionate software engineer working in the dynamic world of IT. Currently, I'm proud to be a part of HawarIT, a thriving Dutch-Bangladeshi joint venture company, where I contribute my expertise and enthusiasm to the field of software engineering.

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